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Rainfall is the primary sources of water.Rain fall reserved in other water bodies is used as resource of water ,we get water mainly from two source
SURFACE WATER
Surface water is provided by flowing water of river ,lakes,tank,ponds,or artificial water bodies just like Dam,Barrage and Diversionary bond of different storage capacity.
Water flowing through river called lotic water and water remains stagnant in pond,lake and water tanker .saline water is found in sea called marine water and it constitute a distinct ecosystem,known as marine ecosystem.
GROUND WATER
By the process of perculation water stored in underground and this type of water known as ground water.These water can be collected by dogging bore well,well,and tube well.
This water is used for various purposes such as domestic use ,drinking purposes,used for electricity production ,cooling machinary,irrigation purposes and cleaning purposes .
USE OF WATER
Domestic Use
water is most important resources for domestic purposes such as cooking drinking,washing,cleaning clothes,utensil,room etc.
Agricultural Use
In agriculture water is mainly used in irrigation -is the most important way to multiply the crop production.The requirment of water to soil varies crop to crop and soil to soil.
MUNICIPAL USE
In municipal use -water is mainly used for domestication,commercial use ,cleaning steer and road,houses,detection of waste ,irrigation in lawn and garden.
Industrial Use
Mainly industries are constructed near water body or near the area where water is easily available.Different activity of industries are like -cooking ,cooling of machine,generation of power ,manufacturing operation,cleaning purposes etc require high quantity of water .
Power Generation
large quantity of water is required for for power generation from thermal power plant and hydro-electric power plant.
NAVIGATION
Water way navigation is the best and cheap route for transportation as compaire to road and Air.
Pollution is the undesireable changes in physical,chemical and biological characteristics of air ,water and soil that may harmfully affect life or create a potential of health hazard of any living organisms .
Pollution is the direct or indirect changes in the any component of biosphere that is harmful to the living component and which is undesireable for human being and affect badly to the industrial progress ,cultural and natural assets of general environment of living society.
any substance that causes pollution called pollutant, it include chemical,physical,biological and its derivative component
TYPE OF POLLUTANT
The various pollutant that pollute air water and soil are as follow-
Gases:Oxides of nitrogen,oxides of sulphur ,carbonmonoxide ,halogen(chlorine,bromine and iodine)
Acid droplet:Sulphuuric acid ,Nitric acid
Metals:Mercury,zinc,iron,nickel,lead,cadmium ,tin and chromeum.
Agrochemicals:Pesticides,herbicides,fungicides,nematicides,bacteriacide,widicides ,etc and fertilizer.
various type gaseous and solid pollutant and gaseous pollutant are added to environment by thermal power plant .the coal consumption in power plant generate fly ash,sulphur di-oxide and other gases which pollute air.
INDUSTRIAL CHIMNEY WASTE:There are number of industries which are major source for air pollution ,petroleum refinaries are the major source of gaseous pollutants,the major gases are oxides of nitrogen and sulphur.
Agricultural pollutant sources
Pesticides and chemical fertilizers are major sources of agricultural pollutant source.
Sewage
domestic waste like cow dung,rotten vegetable,latrine waste and latrine water are the major pollutants for water pollution.
Radioactive pollutant sources:
In nuclear Power plant huge amount radioactive waste generated and which are hazardous for living organisms.
Automobile:
The toxic automobile exhaust are a source of cosiderable air pollution and the noise from automobiles causes noise pollution.
Ozone hole prevent the penetration of harmful UV radiation into the earth surface .How ever ozone hole allow passage of UV rays to earth surface where is cause harm to plants ,animals and environment directly or indirectly.The UV rays cause skin cancer in the skin of human being.
EFFECT OF OZONE HOLE ON PLANT
Ozone hole causes damage to photosynthesis and germination of seed .The leaf ,fruit ,etc .Due to UV rays the plant cell died and the growth of plant hampered .Smaller plants like phytoplankton and zooplankton die in water reservoir ,so the growth of fishes decreases due lack of food ,because they are directly or indirectly depend on these zooplankton and phytoplankton.Due to decrease in fishes population the protein rich fishes become unavailable in market and the fisherman loses their livelyhood and the economy of the country goes down in a some extent directly or indirectly.
EFFECT ON ANIMALS
UV rays are dangerous to living organism -particularly the UV-B ,which causes skin cancer and eye sight effect on human and animals .
The immunity of skin decreases due to the UV rays ,as a result the micro-organism easily attack the skin and the rate of infection increases and the UV rays affect the reproductive system of animals including the human being.
EFFECT ON ENVIRONMENT
The food chain is largely affected by UV rays ,due to which ecosystem fall in danger.acid rain is increases
According to W.H.O - Air pollution is mixing of some substances in the ambient air in such a concentrations that a situation arises in which mean his environment are badly affected.
As per the American medical Association "Air pollution is the excessive concentration of foreign matters in the air which adversely affects the well being of individual or cause damage to property .
The pollutant cause air pollution by mixing with air naturally or man made way .The air pollutants are classified in different ways
CLASSIFICATION OF AIR POLLUTANT ON THE BASIS OF THEIR SOURCE
On the basis of their nature air pollutants are following type-
PARTICULATE AIR POLLUTANT
POLLUTANT SOURCES
Smoke ,Fume and Smog Combustion of household,Municipal Waste and
industrial waste
DUST Agricultural land,All type of combustion
Aerosol Thermal Power plant,Combustion of petrol,Diesel,from industries,insecticide,Pesticide
GASEOUS AIR POLLUTANT
POLLUTANTS SOURCES carbon dioxide Domestic burning of fuel,combustion of coal petroleum and fuel Carbon monoxide in Industries,vehicle and heat production centre Hydrocarbon Complete combustion of fossil fuel Nitrogen Oxide Combustion of fuel and combustion of fossil fuel Sulphurdioxide Thermal electric plant,sulphuric acid plant,metal extraction plant CFC Aerosol,Refrigerator Hydrogen Flouride Dead and decay matter of living organism,Sea,coke,Petroleum ,refinery,Oven plant
Some other sources of air pollution are-
Industrial Chimney sources
There are some number of industries which are major source of pollution-petroleum refineries.These are the major sources of gaseous pollutant ,The chief gases are sulful dioxide and nitrus oxide.
THERMAL POWER STATION
There numbers of thermal power station in our country ,because most of the electricity produces by burning of coal.The major pollutants are hydrocarbon,sulfor- di- oxide and other gases.
AUTOMOBILES
The hazardous vehicular exhausts are major source of air pollution ,next to thermal power plants.due to high population growth the numbers of automobiles are increasing day by day-it leads air pollution in a huge extent.The ever increased vehicular traffic density pose continued threat ambient air quality.The cities like Delhi,Mumbai and Kolkata are highly polluted due high use of vehicles.The chief source of emissions are -Crankcase,exhaust system and fuel tank and carburettors
Mainly water pollution caused by industrial sewage and domestic sewage .The term sullage is applied to waste water which are free from human excreta.The basic objective of treatment of waste water ,industrial or municipal water ,is to bring the quality of water to a permissible /allowable level as prescribed by environmental laws.
THE BASIC AIM OF SEWAGE WATER TREATMENT ARE
1.Produce an effluent free from pathogens and that can be dispose of without any rise of environmental and health problem
2.Remove the suspended particulate matter
3.Removal of organic matter lode through decomposition by bacterial action into inorganic compounds .
PRIMARY TREATMENT OF WATER
It include physical separation of suspended material by screening,flocculation,sedimentation,filtration and floatation.The water first treated with alum FeCl3 to precipitate suspended particle.
SECONDARY TREATMENT OF WATER
It include biological process like -removal of biodegradable organic colloidal or dissolve biological method of removal of certain catagories of chemical compound in order to reduce the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD).Activated sludge process and trickling filter process are more important technique for secondary treatment of waste water.
TERTAIRY TREATMENT OF WATER
It involve physical,chemical and biological process for the removal of the nitrogenous ,phosphatic and other inorganic pollutant -removal of color ,order and removal of the remaining organic pollutants.
PURIFICATION OF WATER
Water is called portable/acceptable for drinking ,when it free from pathogen and harmful chemical substances .Mainly water is available on three sources such as -rain water,surface water and ground water -contain impurities ,so it should be purified before use for drinking and domestic purposes and other purposes.
In the large scale water is purified in three steps-such as -storage ,filtration and chlorination.
1.STORAGE
We can store water in natural and artificial reservoir -it allow the suspended particle to settle down .When sunlight enters to water body it allow photosynthesis ,which leads to increase in oxygen level and water body and which help in reduction of Biochemical Oxygen Demand and it is helpful in natural purification of water.
2.FILTRATION
The filtration id done by biological or slow sand filtration and by the rapid sand or mechanical filter
Supernatant and the raw water flow downward through the sand bed and during such perculation of water a number of purification process such as mechanical screening ,sedimentation ,absorption,oxidation and bacterial action takes place during filtration ,a biological layer develop in the sand containing algae and bacteria which remove organic matter.
CHLORINATION
Chlorination is the addition of chlorine to waste water and a supplement to sand filtration kill pathogenic bacteria .chlorine also oxidises iron ,manganese and hydrogen sulfides ,destroy some odor producing constituents and control algae
PURIFICATION OF WATER ON SMALL SCALE
BOILING
Boiling of water kills all bacteria ,spores,cysts and ova.Also remove the temporary hardness of water by percipitating calcium carbonate .
CHEMICAL DISINFECTION
The water can be disinfected with many chemical like iodine ,potassium Permanganate and chlorine .Chlorination of water can be done using bleaching powder .Iodine can be used for emergency disinfection.
FILTRATION
Water also can be purified on small scale by filtering it through ceremic filter ,which are excessive use now-a-days .Filter candle of the fine type usually remove bacteria,but not virus.
Any organism that is noxious ,destructive,troublesome,dangerous for human society and interfere directly or indirectly with humans or their social and economic endeavours known as pest.
PESTICIDES
The chemicals used to kill ,eradicate and destruction of pests known as pesticides -may be chemical or organic pesticides
CLASSIFICATION AND THEIR PROPERTIES
1.Insecticides-Which kills insects
2.Rodenticides-Which kills mice and rat
3.Fungicides-Which kills fungi
4.Nematicides-Kills nematodes
5.Herbicides-Which kills herbs
Use of pesticides pose hazard to other organism including humans are also called Biocides
TYPES OF PESTICIDES
Natural Pesticides
These are non-persistent organic compound like nicotine ,tobacco,pyrethrum,rotten debris are used to kill pest earlier
FIRST GENERATION PESTICIDES
Include all inorganic pesticides -due to their high toxicity and accumulation in soil ,these restrict the growth of plant and are toxic in nature for other organisms
SECOND GENERATION PESTICIDES
It include synthetic organic chemicals like -DDT(dichlorodiphynyl trichloroethane)
-Organo chlorine- it contains -DDT ,Endosolphan,aldrine ,chlorodrane and merix.
Crop production is increased by application of DDT and it is highly capable to kill pests-its negative point is it is accumulated in soil ,crop animal tissue ,including human-it directly enters to food chain and go for biomagnification.
ORGANOPHOSPHATE
Chemical pesticide include parathion ,azodrin,phosphodrin,malathion,with persistance of one week to one month in the environment.These pesticides are are toxic and hazardous to human ,bird and animals
ORGANOCHLORINE
It include toxafin ,diazinon etc.
Demerits of these organochlorine pesticides are -1.It developes pest resisistance characters in pest-which lead to use of more pesticides latter .
2.Resourgence and secondary pest outbreak
3.Adverse environmental and human health impact
CARBAMATES
These are chemical pesticides such as-zectrain and carbyl having resistance two week or less.
PEST RESISTANCE
When a pesticides applied on an area -few organisms,especially insects,survive because they have specific genes that make them resistance to a specific pesticides .these few resistance reproduce in a huge number within a certain time period and weaken the effect of pesticides
RESURGENCE AND SECONDARY PEST OUTBREAK
Sometimes pest completely eliminated because of pesticide use ,return at higher and more severe level .This is known as resurgence.Even some population of insects that were previously no concern because of their low numbers suddenly start multiplying and creating new problems -These phenomena is called secondary pest outbreak
Air contain 0.03% of carbon dioxide .but the amount of carbon dioxide is increasing day by day due to heavy use of fossil fuels.This release carbon dioxide gas into the atmosphere .The solar energy which reaches the earth -a part of it radiated -however carbon dioxide act as a shild and prevent escape the radiated heat energy which now remain in the atmosphere and get heated -in this way the temperature of earth increasing slowly day by day-This referred as global warming .There are some reason for increasing temperature of the earth which are given bellow
TOP 10 CAUSES OF GLOBAL WARMING
1. The temperature of the earth increases due to increased use of consumption of fossil fuel which release carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
2.The amount of carbon dioxide is increasing due to use of wood as fuel
3.Methane produced in paddy field and marphy land by rotting and decomposition of plant by bacteria and from cow dung ,rotten organic debris etc increases the temperature of the earth
4.CFC is used in cold storage ,refrigerator ,motor vehicle etc-which in turn mixes with the air -it increases the temperature at high rate
5.The amount of Nitrous oxide increases due to deforestation and use of Nitrogenous fertilizer -as a result temperature of atmosphere increases
6.Vast Deforestation is the main reason of global warming -due to deforestation the amount of carbon dioxide increases day by day
7.Industries are the main reason for the global warming-because hazardous gas and chemical along with carbon dioxide releases to atmosphere
8.Shifting cultivation is the one of the important reason for global warming because due to shifting cultivation large extent of deforestation occur
9.Forest fire and volcano are the main reason for the global warming and dam construction projects are one of the important reason-because due to dam construction huge area of forest submerged under water and latter by decomposition of plant and animals body huge amount of methane gas realese to atmosphere
10.Mismanagement of sewage ,domestic waste ,dead and decay materials of animals and plants increases the release of methane gas to atmosphere and another great reason for global warming is lack of public awareness toward worming and high illiteracy and luxerious life is also responsible for global warming.
-biotic community dumping fertilizer or waste in the water reservoir .As a result get polluted ,due to mixing of fertilizer directly with water body leads to eutrophication in the water reservoir -which leads to decrease in dissolve oxygen level in the water body,and low level oxygen is harmful for all aquatic organisms -due less oxygen in water body fishes and other aquatic organism die easily and due to the death of aquatic organism the BOD (Biological oxygen demand) of water body increase ,by which organic load on water body increases and it causes severe water pollution.
WATER POLLUTION DUE TO INDUSTRIES
The hazardous waste materials from different industry when mix with water body directly it hamper the life of aquatic animals ,due to these toxic chemicals the aquatic animals life ,zooplankton ,phytoplankton dies directly - it hamper the biotic community directly , for this water get polluted directly
SOURCES OF WATER POLLUTION
The principal sources of water pollution are as follows-
Sewage-
When the domestic waste water ,latrine waste water ,bathroom water ,household waste water mix directly with water reservoir then the water get polluted .
INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION
Industrial hazardous chemicals and toxic chemicals of industry when mix directly with the water body then water get polluted .The pollutant from industries like Paper ,tannery,clothes,jute ,steel,fertilizer, when mix with water body directly then water get polluted . The water get unfit for industrial,recreational and other uses .The industrial pollutants contain number of toxic chemicals as follows
1.Mercury-It passes into food chain ,poison fish and other fauna that produces creeping deformity in human beings called Minamate disease
2-Lead and Cadmium -It causes renal damage,hypertension,anaemia,damage to placenta and testes
3.Acid,Alkali,Poisons and Other liquid pollutants -They kill fishes and other aquatic life beside being toxic to human beings.
THERMAL POLLUTION
It is caused by addition of hot pollutants and hot water into water causes high tempreature and reduces the dissolved oxygen content of water body
POLLUTION DUE TO PETROLEUM OIL
Oil sticks and oil spill and discharge of industries causes oxygenation water ,inhibits the plant growth and kill aquatic animals,sometimes oil leakage from petroleum carrier ship is the measure cause of marine water pollution
AGRICULTURAL POLLUTION
Now-a-days in order to increase agricultural productivity huge amount of fertilizer and pesticides have been largely used and it also a main causes of water pollution .Water also polluted by acid rain.
Biosphere is defined as the part of the earth in which life exist,it act as an envelope holding a variety of biotic communities living both in aquatic and terrestrial media.Life does not exist in pinnacle of highest mountain,deeper region of desert and extremely polluted area
THE EXTENSION OF BIOSPHERE
The extension of biosphere upward is more limited relative to its extension downward in the ocean .Chlorophyll-II containing plants can not survive in very high altitude ,due to lack of liquid water and less concentration of carbon -di- oxide .Above limited heights spider,s pollen grains,other organic particles may be floating and its zone is called Aeolian zone .life only inhabit in a small portion of the earth and may comprise the surface layer of the soil upper few metres or few feet deep in the ocean ,lakes,river ,streams and few kilometre in altitude in atmosphere inhabited by organisms that fly or floats such as birds or bacteria .This life containing zone is known as biosphere
Biosphere zone is active biological zone of production ,through photosynthesis varies from habitat to habitat .The organism in the biosphere depend for energy from the zone of active biological production
COMPOSITION OF BIOSPHERE
Biosphere is composed of all living beings in the entity from simple to complex ,from man to microbe and from plant to animals. The all living organism in the earth are confined to a thin mantle
of atmosphere (gas, vapour and water ) hydrosphere (Ocean ) and lithosphere (earth crust)
Biosphere is the environment of the earth that support life .Biosphrer is composed of three aboitic
environment namely hydrosphere ,lithosphere ,and atmosphere and all are dependent to each other for exchange of material and energy
Biosphere is large global ecosystem where it is related to hydrosphere ,lithosphere and atmosphere
Biosphere sometimes known as ecoshp.ere
Nature of biosphere
1.Water as the vast dispersion medium
Water is the most valuable liquid in a living system,without water life can not exist ,it is a universal solvent ,in a cell around 70% of water present and on the earth surface three-fourth area is covered by water body.most of the water is present in the ocean and only one percent of water is fresh water
Thousands of marine plants simple to complex ,planktonic are found on the upper layer of the sea water ,on which several sea animals depends and collect their food from sea water
2.Unidirectional flow of energy
Transfer of energy in a food chain always unidirectional -frm sun to primary producer-from primary producer to herbivor form herbivore to primary carnivore -from primary carnivore to secondary carnivore-from secondary carnivore to top carnivore.Cycling of bioelements occur in three levels -
1.individual organism level ,2. ecosystem level,3. biospheric level .In biospheric level inorganic chemicals occur and transform into matter and which exchanged in food chain .The organic production of plant transfer to animal by food consumption by animals ,bacteria and fungi help in recycling process by returning plant and animals decomposition product in inorganic form ,thus food materials flows in a cyclic manner in the food chain .Biosphere act as massive and vast pool for conversion of organic to inorganic form of elements and back ,continually take place through the living organisms .Such movement of material include carbon ,oxygen,hydrogen and water ,here the hydrosphere and atmosphere act as constant and important reservoir .All organisms use nitrogen,phosphorus,sulfur,sodium,potassium,calcium,magnesium,iron,manganese,cobalt,copper,zinc
etc.
Biosphere as store house of elements
Biosphere is a store house of elements -both organic and inorganic which has large importance to biological system such as carbon ,oxygen,nitrogen,hydrogen,phosphorus etc
These vital elements are utilised by living systems in the forms of carbon as carbon-di-oxide,oxygen as gas or water,nitrogen as amonia etc.All elements move in a cyclic manner .
Active productivity and biomass formation in the biosphere
Sun is the ultimate source of energy for biosphere ,aquatic and land plant make food by the process of photosynthesis ,the energy of biosphere depend upon the photosynthetic reduction of carbon-di-oxide to form organic compounds (carbohydrates) and molecular oxygen by using chlorophyll II of blue green algae ,phytoplankton,photosynthetic green and purple bacteria.
plants have great significance in productivity ,production of highest organic yield with the aid of soil ,water and air in prescence of radiant energy
The Chandaka wildlife sanctuary is located near Bhubaneswar .It is located at Bhubaneswar in Indian state of Odisha .It coming under Damapada wildlife sanctuary and famous for the conservation of wild elephant -comprise major forest forest block of Chandaka wildlife division. This wildlife sanctuary is only for conservation of elephants ,a large number of wild elephants are found in this wildlife sanctuary . It is one of the most important tourists place of Odisha .
IMPORTANT FACTS ABOUT CHANDAKA WILDLIFE SANCTUARY
It is an important place for nature lover and ecotourists. It also act as living lab for various research and development in life sciences and Environmental sciences .The Chandaka wildlife sanctuary is primarily to preserve wild elephants and elephant habitat and it is a central govt sponcered project for elephant conservation ,there are various animals are found such as python ,monitor lizard,and various types of snakes and huge number of birds species are found in Chandaka .
HOW TO REACH TO CHANDAKA
BY ROAD-Chandaka is 20 km far away from Bhubaneswar ,which has good inter state road linking major cities in INDIA
BY RAIL-Bhubaneswar railway station is the nearest railway station
BY AIR-Biju patnaik international airport is 20 KM away from the Chandaka sanctuary
The other name of Ushakothi wildlife sanctuary is Badrama wildlife sanctuary , this is 40 km away from `district head quarter and it is a part of Badrama wildlife sanctuary . The entire forest is dominated by dry deciduos forest and the it also a part of the elephant reserve
ANIMAL FOUND IN USHAKOTHI SANCTUARY-
Mainly animals like - tiger,bear,deer,sambar,leopard are found in this sanctuary, including animal various bird species are found in this forest and invertibrates like snake and lizards are found in a huge number
IMPORTANT FACTS OBOUT USHAKOTHI WILDLIFE SANCTUARY
The wildlife sanctuary is famous for its rich biodiversity and it also protect various kind of endangered species of animals and plant ,and it also famous for its medicinal plant richness of flora and some valuable animals .
It is one of the best attraction point for nature lover , national tourists , international tourists and the nearby area of the sanctuary has been using as picnic spot .thousands of people visiting every year to Ushakothi wildlife sanctuary and provide a huge ampunt revenue to central government .it is act as natural lab for various scientist ,zoologist,botanist,ecologist,and research persons, Due to the richness of biodiversity it is an active biodiversity hotspot .
HOW TO REACH-TO USHAKOTHI WILDLIFE SANCTUARY
BY ROAD-SAMBALPUR AUINTHAPALI BUS STAND IS THE NEAREST BUS STAND
BY TRAIN-SAMBALPUR KSHYETRAJPUR RAILWAY STATION IS NEAREST STATION
BY AIR-JHARSUGUDA VIR- SURENDRA SAI AIRPORT IS THE NEAREST AIRPORT
Beside Africa we can find only at Gir National park where lions are moving freely in their natural habitat.The real real discovery channel of India situated approximately 65 kms from south east Junagarh district.Previously its name was Sasan and later government rename it as Gir National Park on 18 September 1965 in order to conserve Asiatic lion .It occupy1412 sq kms of which 258 km from the core area of the national park.Previously during British period there were no restriction on hunting so lion population decreased a huge extent .in the year of 1913 there were 20 lions only ,But after conservation the number increased by 523 in 2015 census .There are 106 male 201 female and 213 sub adult .
ANIMALS IN GIR NATIONAL PARK
The Gir forest is full of dry decideous plants which is suitable for the lion pride and it is the only one place where asiatic lions are available in the entire world .According to the new statics of 2015 there are 523 lions and 230 leopards and a huge numbers of herbivore animals are living in this National Park .Except these animals there also two species of deer are living in this forest and some species of bear and some species of buffalo are found in this national park .The Sambar is counted largest Indian deer is found in large number in thisnational park .The worlds four horned antelope is found in this National park and its population is incresing ripidly in this natioinal park .Some smaller carnivore like The jackel ,stripped hyena,The Indian Fox are also found in the Gir forest and sometimes these are found to be dominating in nature . But these small carnovores have greater role in environmental balance .
BIORDS IN GIR NATIONAL PARK
The Gir forest not only famous for lion but also famous for birds . it is a better place to visit for bird lovers . Here most important endangered birds are found . some rare species of birds are also live here .
There are more than 200 of birds are living in the gir forest and the Gir forest give shelter to some endangered bird species like white backed and vultures .The sanctuary has been declared as an important bird area by the indian bird conservation network.
REPTILES IN GIR FOREST
There are more than 40 species of reptiles found in the Gir National Park .Kameleswar is the large reservoir in the Gir forest which is the habitat of crocodile and their number is high.Some other reptiles like king cobra,the viper amd krait are found.
Bijupatnaik International airport is the nearest airport to the Similipal tiger reserve . This tiger reserve is 200 km away from Kolkata , Nearest railway station is the Bhubaneswar railway station and it is wel connected with Similipal .
BY TRAIN-Nearest rail head are -Baripada,Baleswar,Tatanagar,Kharagpur
BY ROAD-Baripada district head quarteer of Mayurbhanj on the junction of NH-6 and 6 is 120 KM from hubaneswar ,200 Km from kolkata,60 km from baleswar and 22 km from pithabada which is the entry point ,other entry points are jhasipur 90 km from baripada on NH-6.Both place are connected by regular bus services ,taxi and jeeps are availble all tyme
IMPORTANT FACTS ABOUT SIMILIPAL TIGER RESERVE-
*About 5 lakh tribal people are dependent on simiipal tiger reserve for their livelihood
*Undulating terrain and perennial water reserves available
*It is a good place for birds watcher and Anthropologist
*Variety of medicinal plant and aromatic plants are available in this forest and which is a good source of income for tribal people.
FACILITY AVAILABLE IN SIMILIPAL TIGER RESERVE
1. Hiking ,natural walk and rough trekking are available for tourists
2.Jaranda falls and Barehi pani fall are present here
Forests are blessings for living creature and wildlife
sanctuaries act as a safe habitat for wild animals , The Debrigarh wildlifesanctuary of Odisha is a home to numerous bird , mammals and reptile . Debrigarh wildlifesanctuary is a well protected area in western Odisha. Wildlife Can be seen in
every corner of Sanctuary in every year . To preserve the ecology of this area
now it is declared as important ecological hotspot of western Odisha . Debrigarh Contribute a major part in Odisha Tourism and Odisha ecotourism
The Debrigarh wildlife sanctuaryis present near the Hirakud
water reservoir and it is located at the north – north eastern of Hirakud Dam .
The Natural beauty of the Debrigarh Wildlife Sanctuary draw tourist from
different part of the state and other national and international tourist .
Plants and Animals of Debrigarh wildlife Sanctuary
Generously covered with Sal trees – this forest of Bargarh
and Sambalpur district of Odisha is declared as Sanctuary in 1985 . The
Sanctuary has unique location near the bank of Hirakud Dam . The dry decious
forest and water bodies of Debrigarh Sanctuary is rich in wild animals , birds
and reptiles . The Sanctuary is spread over an area of 355square kilometre .
The sanctuary is a home to a large numbers of Indian Gaur . There is presence
of 22 leopard and other animals living here are elephant , spotted deer ,
Sambar , four horned antelope , Nilgai , Jackal , hyena , wild dogs , fox ,
bear , civet , purcupines , Hanuman langur
ect
Repltiles and Birds of Debrigarh Wildlife Sanctuary
Different types of reptiles like – Python , Cobra , Karait ,
Crocodiles , fresh water turtle etc . Peacock dancing from time to time is a
majestic view of the Sanctuary . Local birds like Super Fowl , Peacock . Blue
Jay , Brahmni Kite , heron along with 50 migratory birds are found here in
winter . Migratory birds like Pintail , Shoveler , Brahminy Duck , Gadwall , Black
tailed Godwit, Seagull are also seen in large numbers . The Sanctuary witnessed
a larger congregation of migratory bird in winter .
Important trees of Debrigarh wildlife Sanctuary
Important trees species like Sal , Bija , Kendu , Siso ,
Asan , Mahul , Simul and Bamboo are also seen here in large numbers .
Beauty of Debrigarh wildlife Sanctuary
the foot hill of Debrigarh wildlife Sanctuary – the river
Mahanadi lies which fulfil the water
needs of wild animals residing in the sanctuary . 34 water pool has been
constructed in sanctuary for the water needs of wild animals . A few staff
support have been provided for the water body and landscape conservation of
Debrigarh wildlife sanctuary . Five watch tower has been constructed for better
inspection of wildlife sanctuary . The Watch towers located in Pati Durga ,
Barduma, and Magal talu of Laxanpur range .
Anti Poaching Camp of Deberigarh wildlife Sanctuary
In order to prevent poaching of wild animals – several anti-
poaching camp have been set up at different locations – such Mundakati ,
Laxanpur , Khola , Samara Dhara , Jagada Behera , Khajuria and Jhall in
Laxmanpur range . In Munda Mahul , Jada Simari , Parvati Mahul , Tudru Kusum ,
Junani , Lambipali in Kamdar range .
Best time to visit Debrigarh Sanctuary –
In order to enjoy the beauty of Debrigarh Sanctuary – the
best time to vist the wildlife sanctuary is October to March . The Hirakud Dam
and river Mahanadi is a major attraction of Debrigarh wildlife sanctuary . Parvati
tomb is spot – for tourist . the Small waterfall at Ushakothi is another main attraction
for tourist . Wild animals can be witnessed by visitors – in regular duel at
Badhei durga inside the forest .
Other attractions of Debrigarh Wildlife Sanctuary
The fort of Freedom fighter Shree Veer Surendra Sai present
inside the fort and it is one of the best tourist attraction of Debrigarh
wildlife Sanctuary. Visitor also access the Zero point near the Hirakud dam
which nearer to Debrigarh wildlife sanctuary. There are many pet elephant in
the wildlife sanctuary are best attractions for tourist . The animals rescued
from different part of Sambalpur are given special treatment at the mini zoo of
Sambalpur townthe Deer park . Where you can find barking deer , spotted deer ,
hyena , Pea fowl and Sambal etc .
Facilities for
Tourist in Debrigarh wildlife Sanctuary –
All amenities and facilities are available at Debrigarh
Sanctuaryin Dudrukusum forst rest house – where tourist can access food and
accommodation etc . There several ecotourism cottages are available at Barakhandia equipped with best accommodations
and facilities . You have to book online – to avail these services .
Entry Pass to the Debrigarh Sanctuary –
The entry point of the Debrigarh wildlife Sanctuary is
Dudrukusum , to developed an aptitude of ecotourism – the Debrigarh is always
committed .
The entry point to sanctuary is nearer to Hirakud dam and it
nearer to The Burla town , Bargarh town and Sambalpur town . The distance
between Burla to Debrigarh is 35 km and Bargarh to Deberigarh is also 35 km and
Sambalpur to Debrigarh is 50 km . The Sanctuary is 320km from the state capital Bhubaneswar .
Motto of Debrigarh wildlife Sanctuary
The Debrigarh is an
ecotourism site . The ecotourism incorporates a strong commitment to the
ecosystem and nature and sense of environmental responsibility . Ecotourism – a
responsible travel to natural area – which preserves and conserve the
environmental and improves the welfare of local people.
Important Tourist Places Near Debrigarh wildlife Sanctuary -
The Debrigarh wildlife sanctuary has blessed with many tourist destinations near by area . The tourist places like Hirakud Dam , Zero point , Samaleswari temple , Ghanteswari temple , Huma Temple , Deer Park , Sambalpur University campur , Burla Planotorium , CCBF Sambalpur
Hirakud Dam of Sambalpur -
The Hirakud Dam is a Multi purpose Dam of Odisha - it was built during the period of Shee Jawaharlal Nehru - During the 1st five year plan - for irrigation and hydro-electric purposes .
The Dam is present near the Burla- town of Sambal and it is nearer to Sambalpur university and 20 km away from the Sambalpur town . It is the largest hydro-electric project of Odisha and longest hydro-electric project in the world , It is the most visited place in Sambalpur district
Zero Point - of Sambalpur Town -
The Zero-point is located near the Hirakud Dam . It is a small part of Hirakud Dam . It is the most visited place and picnic spot of Hirakud Dam . This spot is 3 Km away from Burla Medical college . This place remain crowded during the new year - for picnicking activities .
Deer Park of Sambalpur town -
The Deer Park of Sambalpur is one of the mini zoo and animal rescue center of Debrigarh wildlife Sanctuary . This park act as a wildlife heritage of Sambalpur district and it spread across an area of 40 acre of land . This zoo has 30 species of animals and 300 numbers of birds .
Samaleswari Temple of Sambalpur Town
The Sambalpur Town is named after goddess Maa Samaleswari and Maa Samaleswari is the main deity of Sambalpur District . This temple is one of the Main Shakti Peetha of Odisha . The whole culture of Sambalpur Town is based on Samaleswari temple .
Gandhi Minar and Jawahar Minar of Sambalpur
The Gandhi Minar and Jawahar minar mainly built to enjoy the beauty of Hirakud dam . Here you can see the broader view of Hirakud Dam and Sambalpur town .
Proper Location of and Information of Debrigarh Sanctuary
Country-India
State-Odisha
District-Sambalpur
Forest Divison-Hirakud
Date of Notification-08-02-1985
Total Area-350 sq kms
Near -Hirakud Dam
HOW TO REACH TO DEBRIGARH
BY AIR-VEER SURENDRA SAI AIRPORT,JHARSUGUDA/BIJU PATNAIK AIRPORT,BBSR
BY ROAD-NH55 ROAD (AT-AUINTHAPALI BUS STAND)
BY TRAIN-HIRAKUD STATION IS THE NEARBY STATION
DESCRIPTION-OF DEBRIGARH SANCTUARY
Debrigarh wildlife sanctuary is an important sanctuary in Odisha and it is best example of insitu wildlife conservation,it is habitat in the state of Odisha is home to an immense array of biodiversity.It is the habitat of various type of animals-such as mammals,birds,reptiles,amphibians,fishes,odonates,
butterfly and spiders found here.The sanctuary is popular for its beauty and wilderness.Various national and international tourists are attracted by its dry deciduous forest and it flora and funa.
The combination of dry deciduous mixed forest with rich wildlife ,Hirakud reservior and attractive topographical feature are the important feature of Debrigarh Wildlife sanctuary .It is one of tthe vibrant wildlife sanctuary in Odisha.
IMPORTANT FACTS ABOUT DEBRIGARH SANCTUAR
* It also known for waterfall during monsoon at the hill side
* Hirakud reservoir attract huge number of migratory birds during winter season
* The sanctuary is famous for animals like-Chausingha,Gaur,Elephant,Sambar and Spotted deer,Leopard,Beer,Porcupine, jackal,Hyena,Wolf
BY BUS-BARAMUNDA BUS STAND IS THE NEAREST BUSTAND TO NANDANKANAN ZOOLOGICAL PARK
BY AIR-BIJU PATNAIK AIRPORT IS THE NEAREST AIRPORT TO NANDANKANAN NATIONAL PARK
BY TRAIN-MASTER CANTEIN RAILWAY STATION IS THE NEAREST STATION TO NANDANKANAN ZOOLOGICAL PARK
ABOUT NANDANKANAN
It is one of the most important zoological park of india and it has 2nd rank in zoological park list in India . This zoological park is completely located in dense forest and it provides a nutual habital feeling to every wild animal as they are not staying in the zoo and they are living in their natural habitat . This zoological park is 15 km away from the center of Bhubaneswar and it is 24 km away from bijupatnaik international airport . Due to better connectivity million of tourists are coming every year to Bhubaneswar due to Nandankanan . Here special arrangement `has done for international tourist by the state government ..
VISITING HOUR AT NANDANKANAN ZOOLOGICAL PARK
1.April to September-(7.30 hr to 17.30 hr)
2.October to March-(8.00 hr to 17.00 hr)
3.Every Monday zoological park remain closed.
NANDA NKANAN SPECIAL SERVICES
1.BOATING-Paddle and row boats are available in kanjia lake of Nandankanan ,the muiti-story boat
ghat is renovated to give new looks provide enough space for visitors to enjoy and relax the boating.
tiger safari is also available in this zoological park - it may be costly but so much interesting - white tiger safari also available in Nandankanan .
WHITE TIGER SAFARI-
The most interesting white color tiger safari is also available for all tourists and this service is available for all since 1990 and the safari vehicle provide the journey of 20 hector where tiger are staying in their natural habitat .In India - the white tiger safari is only available in Nandankanan .
BEAR SAFARI
The bear safari is one of the most important attraction of the Nandankanan and it is available since 2008 in Nanadankanan and it is cheaper than white tiger safari .
HERBIVOUR SAFARI-
Herbivore safari one of the most important attraction of this zoological park it was started from 2010 it is lacated in 30 acres of area and 5km of running way .
LION SAFARI-
It was started in 1980 and covers 25 hactor area and highly protected buses have been using while -they travelling through lion pride. due to green scenery of this zoo it provide an amazing tourism feeling to all .
REPTILE PARK
A reptile park is present in this zoological park and at the entrance gate of this park a statue of huge dianosore is present and there are 30 species of reptiles are present at present .
AMPHIBIAN ENCLOSURE
It occupy 56m sq and it provide better habitat all amphibians .Nandankanan is the 1st premier zoo
to exhibit amphibians ,at present 30 numbers of amphibian belonging to 7 species
OPEN TOP LEOPARD ENCLOSURE
It is a unique attempt of Nandankanan to exhibits this species in a large naturalistic enclosure which is open to the sky,the enclosure according to visitor satisfaction by without compromising security of animals as well as visitor ,the entire enclosure contain large vegetation and a case for the animals there is a big banian tree inside the enclosure.
TOY TRAIN-
The toy train has been a great attraction for the children and it has 1.5 km railway track,now it is under renovation
AQUARIUM
Aquarium is a major attraction of a modern zoo ,adequate steps taken to include well research and education material on various aquatic ecosystem including freshwater and marine ecosystem ,It is started from 2009. All type of aquatic animals are available for show to tourists.
BATTERY OPERATED VEHICLE
To facilitate elderly and physically challenged people battery operated vehicles are available at
It spread
over 1000 sq km in east coast of Odisha
. it also a lagoon due to the connection with the Bay of Bengal .it is rich in
biodiversity and water of Chilika is rich with lives . Before 1990 it was a
just a lake and after the ecological restoration it has become a main
attraction of national and international tourists .
NALABANA –
BIRD SANCTUARY –
Chilika is a
major sites for migratory bird conservation . Not all chilika birds are migrant
and some are also permanent residence like the little cormorants .There are
different species of birds are found in Chilika and according to their shape
and seize they accesses different resources from the lake .
The mixture
of salt water and river water gives an unique environment for the unique
bio-diversity . here the water is brakish and it is slightly salty in nature .
It is the only brakish water lake found in the India .
BENEFITS
FROM CHILIKA
Due to the
chilika , a huge mass of population are dependent on their livelihood by
directly or indirectly . It provide regular income to 1 lakh fisherman from the
nearby area of chilika . It also provide job for transporting services and it create
a better environment of hotel and lodging industry in odisha .
IPORTANT
ISLAND OF CHILIKA
There are
numerous small islands are present in chilika lake and some major islands of
Chilika are Kalijai , satapada , Nalabana etc .
Total
tourist visit per year –
Around 20
lakh people visited every year to chilika and 80% of people are from India are 20%
of visiters are international visitors .
Dr. Salim Ali was one of the great ornithologist of India . He also known as the bird man of India . A national park of Jammu and Kashmir also name as Salim Ali national Park .
He wrote book on bird species of India and Pakistan .- this book has 10 volumes .
He born on 12th November 1896 in Mumbai . After his death his father was died and when attain the age of three his mother also died . His parents had nine children and he was the youngest among them .
This maternal uncle - Amiruddin Teyabji take care him after the death of his parents .
LOCATION OF SAIM ALI NATIONAL PARK
This national park is located in Srinagar of state Jammu- its initial name was - city national park - later it was renamed after - the great Ornithologist DR. SALIM ALI. This national park covers the area of 10 square Kilometre . . The main reason of attraction of this park is the assemblage of all types of endangered bird are found in this National Park .
BEAUTY OF SALIM ALI NATIONAL PARK
Variety of shrubs are found in this national park and most of the shrub gives beautiful flower every year and these flowering shrub give food and shelter to all birds species. Most attractive beautiful bird are moving here and there in the national park .
Major plants and animals of Salim Ali National Park
Mainly - many sub-species of mangrove plant dominate the Salim Ali national park .
The main animals like - himalian deer, polar cock , Hangul , some species of wild cat , flying foxes are found in this national park .
IMPORTANT BIRDS OF THIS NATIONAL PARK
Almost all endangered birds are found in this national park , most of the birds are either migratory bird or himalian birds . Previously the birds population was dense . latter due to high density of bird it was declared as a bird sanctuary
Dachigam national park is mainly for the protection of Kashimiri stag or Hangul. In this few decade the population of Hangul has declined in a huge extent and it has become a big matter of concern. The Hangul is the state animal of kashimir and jammu . It is a critically endangered species and coming under the scheduled under I of 1972 wildlife protection Act of India .
The literal meaning of dachigam is 10 villages and this national park is set up by displacacing 10 villages.
During 1900 the population of Hangul was around 6000. By passage of time it population decline in a great extent . During the census of 2017 - only 200 live Hangul are found . How our National animal tiger is important for our country - in a same way the Hangul is also important for Jammu and kashmir .
DIFFERENT THREATS TO HANGUL -
There are different threats to it population such as - deforestation , open haunting , low male and female ratio. Another measure reason for the population decline is - predation of their young child . animals like leopard , wild dog kill - the young individual of hangul.
LATEST SURVEY ON DACHIGAM NATIONAL PARK
During the recent survey on Dachigam national park - it was found that - there is some spectacular increase in the population of Hangul in the Dachigam national park . this increase is not enough for the all time protection of this animal .
LOCATION OF THE DACHIGAM NATIONAL PARK
This national park is 26 Km away from the city Srinagar . it cover the area of 150 sq Km . The initial pirpose of this national park was to provide better quality of water to nearby population of the city . This national park is open for tourist - throughout the year , but you should visit during March to September.
HOW TO REACH TO DACHGIGAM NATIONAL PARK
This national park is well connected through flight, trains and busses .
if you are interested to reach to this national park - then - Sheikh-ul-Alam international Airport is the best option for you , the national park is 42 km away from this Airport.
if you interested to visit this national park by train - then - railway station of Srinagar is the best option for you. This national park is 35 km away from the railway station.
If you planning to visit this national park - then forget about - it because - during the corona time - you cant visit this national park through bus .
